Tilley stating that he 'manipulated, overstated, compromised and fabricated evidence'. Wertham's work is now often criticized, with one review of his work by Carol L. This book was issued in the context of the ' lavender scare' where authorities regarded homosexuality as a security risk. In Seduction of the Innocent, Fredric Wertham claimed, 'the Batman type of story may stimulate children to homosexual fantasies, of the nature of which they may be unconscious' and 'only someone ignorant of the fundamentals of psychiatry and of the psychopathology of sex can fail to realize a subtle atmosphere of homoeroticism which pervades the adventures of the mature 'Batman' and his young friend Robin'. This style awoke contemporary and later associations with gay culture. The early Golden Age Batman stories were dark and violent, but during the late 1940s and the early 1950s they changed to a softer, friendlier and more exotic style that was considered campy.

4 LGBT characters in the Batman franchise.3 Interpretations in later years parody and fandom.